The first proof of cricket:

A first proof of cricket game being played was recorded in the year 1550, with the pupils of Royal Grammar School at Guildford. During the year 1611 it is reported with the intention of two young men from Sussex be punished for playing cricket in its place of going to the church. An original match is recorded that have been played at Coxheath at the home of Kent in the year 1646.

Cricket have been used as betting game:

In olden days cricket were used to flourish deeply as a betting game. A more people used to put a large sums of money into the game and as a result the game started to get acknowledgment. Cricket was the main betting sport at the dawn of the 17th century. History shows in the year 1679 and during the 18th century, cricket stood and thrived due to the large involvement of money . An original illustration of a match to be played among county team in England is recorded on the 29^th June in a year 1709. The recorded match was played between Surrey and Kent team at the place of Dart ford Brent.

Types of cricket players:

An 18^th century as well witnessed the appearance of two types of cricket players. They are identified as the retained player and the individual players. Commonly the retained player be the servant of the lord and as well as cricketer. On the other side the individual player be liberated to play anywhere through his skills. Generally it was something like the player might play wherever with the amount of talent he acquired.

Development of cricket:

During the year 1787, Marylebone cricket club (MCC) was formed. An MCC has become one of most prominent organization in world cricket. In early days cricket be limited to the upper class of England. Then cricket slowly become the national game of England. Then after 18^th century is a very critical time for the development of the sport. The game was widen faraway moreover cricket become more wide due to England’s imperialism. Wherever England went the cricket was developed in that country. Then the first authorized match was between Canada and USA at year 1844. Then at the current period, it has its own following of devoted fans. Then the ICC was created on 15^th June at year of 1909. All laws involving to ODIs and test cricket are enclosed and executed by the ICC.

Difference between tennis balls in olden day’s and now day’s

This Para explains some differences between the tennis balls compared to olden days and the current period. In olden days the tennis balls were made up of leather, skin and hairs, in historic periods the balls were wrapped by a part of white cloth around tennis balls, the ball was hard to play on the olden days. But from the period of 1870’s the balls were made up rubbers, at the present days the ball are soft and easy to play and it is very comfortable for the player to hit the balls by the rackets.

Points to win a single game:

In tennis game you need 40 Points above to win a game. When the game starts the players have 0 points, when the player scores first point, the scores is 15, then he scores a second point, the score will be 30, till second point the score will increases by 15, but for the third point it will be increased by 10 and the score will be 40. If both the players equaled with 40 points then it will come to a stage called Deuce. Where a player has to score another 2 points continuously to win a game if not it will come back to Deuce.

Sets to win the match:

In tennis game there are three sets, to win the match a player must win 2 sets, per set he must win 6-7 games like wise a player wins 2 sets in a match against the opposite player, he will win the match and then he will be selected for the other match with another opponents team like wise a player play up to a final series by winning a opponent team.

What is Grand Slam?

Important four tournaments of tennis like French Open , U.S. Open, Australian Open and Wimbledon are called as Grand slam

With plasma televisions quickly becoming the standard television of the day the prices are constantly coming down and the demand for plasma is going up.

Advantages of plasma TV:

Plasma TVs are widely popular, due to the advantages they offer. In this article, we’ll go over a few of the pros and cons of Plasma screens, as well as tips for buying a plasma TV.

• Plasma screens are very shallow. Usually the screen will take up about 2 inches, and the entire TV or finished screen will be just a few inches deep. This means that your TV takes up very little room, and is easily mounted on a wall.
• Plasma screens also have an excellent contrast, and can display nearly perfectly dark black. Plasma screens can also display very bright colors. This makes them ideal for watching movies.
• Plasma screens can also come in extra large sizes. The largest plasma screen in the world is 103 inches across. You can easily buy plasma screens up to about 65 inches.

Disadvantages of plasma TV:

Even though they have some significant advantages they do have some remarkable disadvantages on the other hand.

• Plasma screens begin losing their brightness after about 2,000 hours of use. The latest model plasma screens will be half as bright as they originally were after about 60,000 hours of use.
• Plasma screens are very fragile, so they are hard to install and ship. Of course, they are also at an increased risk of breaking.
• Above about 6,000 elevations, Plasma screens will emit a humming noise. Very few people will have an issue with this, though, as very few people live above 6,000 feet elevation.

OSI reference Model layers

There are 7 layers in OSI reference model, starting from the bottom Physical Layer, Data Link layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation layer and Application layer. These are the following layers in OSI reference model, each layer does not define one protocol osi defines any number of protocol therefore each layer consists of multiple protocols each provides a unique service in aligning with the function of that layer.

Role of OSI in data communications model

Basically OSI has 7 layers clearly states the functions of data communication protocols very accurately and clearly.  Whenever the data is transferred between co-operating applications across a Intervening network each layer of OSI represents a function and identifies each by its name and provides a short snippet of information for it.

What are Addressing, Routing and Multiplexing?

To transfer the data from two different hosts, you need to shift the data across the network to the exact host and from there you need to navigate to the exact user or process. This can be achieved by Addressing, Routing and Multiplexing.

Addressing

These are IP addresses, which help to identify each and every host across the network. Helping the data to reach the correct host.

Routing

It is a process of moving the data packets from source to the end point.

Multiplexing.

Multiplexing plays an important role in delivering data to the correct source, or module within the host. These three functions are addressing between hosts, routing between networks, and multiplexing.

Protocol and port numbers deliver data to the correct software module within the host.

Each of these functions – addressing between hosts, routing between networks, and multiplexing.

When realized in a computer program, the ADT is represented by an interface, which shields a corresponding implementation. Users of an ADT are concerned with the interface, but not the implementation, as the implementation can change in the future.

Construct abstract data types

The term abstract data type is about as dry and technical sounding as you can get. Yet the concept of an abstract data type, is something we should apply in every single one of our application efforts, sometimes without even realizing that we are doing it. An abstract data type is a collection of information and operations that act on that information. An ADT can represent computer objects such as lists, records, stacks, arrays, and tables; but an ADT can also represent real world objects, such as a company, a product or the set of assembly line operation at a factory.

PL/SQL offers several different constructs with which to build and manage ADTs, most importantly the package. The most general description of an ADT, in fact, sounds just like the description of a package: a collection of data and operations on that data.

Build an ADT in phases

There are four phases to build ADT, they are

• Clarify the data to be represented by the ADT. Make sure you understand all the attributes of the data and the way it is used in your application.
• List the key features and functions of the ADT as it relates to the underlying data. Don’t write any code until you have come up with a comprehensive list of all the operations on and by the ADT.
• Build the interface for the ADT. This is equivalent to designing the specification of all the modules, which are called by programmers to manipulate the ADT. Translate the list of features into procedure and function calls.
• Build the body of code behind the interface. You know how programmers will manage the ADT, since they must work with the specification. The final phase is to actually implement the ADT.

Client side testing

Testing the new query

When you are testing a new query you should test the query by running it. If all goes well, the new query will run rather quickly and you should inspect all the record in the table of results.

Server side testing

On part of SQL server testing, it is totally different when compared to other types of testing, we can have following as major portions of SQL server testing.

Code compliance testing

In code compliance testing, the code will be checked in compliance with requirements, developer can develop the code in different ways for a requirement. When a piece of code arrives to tester, he has to look into the following areas in SQL server code compliance testing

• Parameter passage: These plays very important with data type and length, parameter movement.
• Code blocking: Faster code will leave the begin and end for single statement, when code is changed or modified and a code will execute even though condition fails, as a tester you should make sure that which code is in block and out of block.
• Condition/Loops: In this simple condition is easy to understand and long condition will put confuse to a developer. The meaning of loop will change with dowhile and while. As a tester you need to make sure that they are properly conditioned. We can put this under branch testing.
• Exception handling: This is very important area, which comes under range testing, every report has to be sent back to the caller, and either it is requested result or not.
• Code commenting/alignment: This is low priority task compared to others but plays very important role in future versions and maintenance of the code.
• Return values: For some of the code, returns values are mandatory and the return values should be in contest of requirement.

Performance testing

This is validating database administrator role, performance of piece of code plays major role in network based project, after code is in-compliance with the requirement.

• SQL Queries: This is the closure area where you will be looking for optimization of code; queries are source of interacting data on SQL server, SQL queries can be written in different forms and some of the queries will be differentiated only with execution plan to identify the optimized one.
• Indexing: This is area where performance could be increased for the requested queries
• Bulk transaction: When there is bulk data transaction we must sure that certain objects are disabled.
• Clustering: SQL server clustering can provide fault tolerance for many aspect of a SQL server, such as hardware, network, operating system and application failure, make sure that it will not affect the performance and database is clustered on required portions.
• Database designing: This is the basic area to look for optimization; too much normalization will affect the performance.
• Data types: the lazy designers always use the maximum data type’s usage. In data types valid or invalid and use varchar (8), these data type will consume more memory, which is not used by the code but still occupying, which will intern increasing the paging.
• Locking/Unlocking: Some of the code will lock certain portions and until it is released other operations are not performed.

Integration testing

In order to get certain portions of data, we may require integration of different server and following are major areas to look on aspect of integration

• Calling of external stored procedure
• Usage of multiple servers

Protocol

Communication between computer in network or a different network requires certain set of rules called protocols.

Socket

Socket can be understood as a place used to plug in just like electric sockets.

Client/Server

A computer, which requests for some service from another computer is called client. The one that processes the request is called as server.

Internet address

Every computer connected to a network has a unique IP address. An IP address is a 32 bit number which has four number separated by periods. It is possible to connect to the Internet either directly or by using Internet service provider.

Domain naming service

It is very difficult to remember a set of number to connect to the Internet. The domain naming service is used to overcome this problem. It maps one particular IP address to a string of characters.

Inet address

There are classes provided in java to enable networking. They are found in the java.net package. InetAddress is one such class, which is used to encapsulate the IP address and the DSN. To create an instance of InetAddress class factory method are used, as there are no visible constructors available for this class. Factory methods are conventions where static methods return an instance of that class.

Datagram

Datagram is type of packet that represents an entire communication. There is no necessity to have connection or disconnection stages when communicating using Datagram. There are two classes in java, which enables communication-using Datagram.

• Datagram packet is the class, which acts as the data container
• Datagram socket is a mechanism used to send or receive Datagram packets.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP sockets are the most reliable, bi-directional, stream protocols. It is possible to send arbitrary amount of data using TCP/IP. Sockets are used for data communication using this protocol. There are two kinds of sockets in java – a server and client.

• A socket class object establishes connection between the client and the server.
• The server socket class object waits for the client to make a connection.

• Linear network
• Ring network
• Mesh network

Linear network

Linear network are two types they are

Point-to-point network

A point-to-point network is normally made of an STS multiplexer, an STS demultiplexer, and zero or more regenerators with no add/drop multiplexers, the signal flow can be unidirectional or bi-directional.

Multipoint network

A multipoint network uses ADMs to allow the communications between several terminals. An ADM removes the signal belonging to the terminal connected to it and adds the signal transmitted from another terminal. Each terminal can send data to one or more downstream terminals.

Automatic protection switching

To create protection against failure in linear network, SONET defines automatic protection switching. This APS has three schemes are common for protection in linear channels protocol.

• One-plus-one APS: In this scheme, there are normally two lines, one is working line and another one is protection line, both lines are active at all the time.
• One-to-one APS: In this scheme, which looks like the one-plus-one scheme, there is also one working line and one protection line. However, the data are normally sent on the working line until it fails.
• One-to-many APS: This scheme is similar to the one-to-one scheme expect that there is only one protection line for many working lines. When a failure occurs in one of the working lines, the protection line takes control until the failed line is repaired.

Ring network

SONET ring can be used in either a unidirectional or bi-directional configuration. In each case we can add extra rings to make the network self-healing, capable or self-recovery from failure.

• Unidirectional path switching ring: A unidirectional network with two rings, one ring is used as a working ring and other as a protection ring.
• Bidirectional line switching ring: Another alternative in SONET ring network is a bidirectional line switching ring, in this case communication is bidirectional which means that we need two working rings and two protection rings. This means BLSR uses four rings.

Mesh network

Mesh network wit h switches probably give better performance; a switch in a network mesh is called as a cross-connect. A cross-connect switches has input and output ports. In input port the switch takes an OC-n signals and change into STS-n signals, demultiplexes it into the corresponding STS-1 signals, and sends each STS-1 signal to the appropriate output port. An output port takes STS-1 signals coming from different input ports, multiplexes them into an STS-n signal and makes OC-n signals for transmission.

• Two tier model
• Three tier model

Two tier model

Two-tier model is a Java applet applications interact directly with the database. This type of model is referred to as client sever configuration where user is the client and machine that has the database is called as the server.

Three tier model

In this model middle tier is introduced, which is used for various purpose, there are some of the function are used in middle tier, they are

• Collection of SQL statements from the client and handing it over to the database
• Receiving results from the database to the client
• Maintaining control over accessing and updating of the data

SQL Conformance

Structured query language is the standard language used to access relational databases. Unfortunately there are no standards set at present for it. JDBC defines a set of generic SQL type identifiers in the class Java.SQL.Types

Ways of dealing with SQL conformance

JDBC deals with some of the performing SQL conformance, they are

• JDBC API allows any query string to be passed through to an underlying DBMS driver. But there are possibilities of getting an error on some DBMS.
• Provision of ODBC style escape clauses.
• Provision of descriptive information about the DBMS using an interface, Database Meta data.

Different Types of Driver Managers

JDBC contains three components: application, driver manager and driver. The user application invokes JDBC methods to send SQL statements to the database and retrieves result. JDBC driver manager is used to connect java application to the correct JDBC driver. There are four types of JDBC driver. They are

• The JDBC-ODBC Bridge plus ODBC driver
• Native-API partly-Java driver
• JDBC-Net pure Java driver
• Native-Protocol pure Java driver

• Circuit establishment
• Data transfer
• Circuit disconnect

Circuit establishment

In this phase the circuit must be established, when signals are transmitted from one station to other station. This can send information through signals before that the receiving end and sending end must establish their circuit.

Data transfer

In this data transfer phase information can be transmitted from one station to other station through network. The data may be analog signals or digital signals that depends on the nature of the network protocol.

Circuit disconnect

After some time of data transfer, the connection is terminated, generally by the action of one of the two stations. Signals must be propagated to given nodes to deallocate the dedicated resources.

Public circuit switching network

A public telecommunications network can be described using four generic architectural components

• Subscribers
• Subscriber line
• Exchanges
• Trunks

Subscribers

The devices that attach to the network, it is still the case that most subscriber devices to public telecommunications networks are telephones, but the percentage of data traffic increases year by year.

Subscriber line

The link between the subscriber and the network also referred to as the subscriber loop or local loop. Almost all local loop connections use twisted-pair topology. The length of a local loop is typically in a range from a few kilometers to a few tens of kilometers.

Exchanges

The switching centers in the network. A switching center that directly supports subscribers is known as an end office. Typically an end office will support many thousands of subscribers in a localized area.

Trunks

The branches between exchanges, trunks carry multiple voice frequency circuits using either FDM or Synchronous TDM. Before these were referred to as carrier systems.